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In recent years, tumor biological immunotherapy has rapidly become a hot topic in the field of cancer research owing to its remarkable therapeutic effects. Programmed death-1 (PD-1) and its ligand (PD-L1) are overexpressed in a variety of tumor cells and are involved in tumorigenesis, development, invasion, and metastasis. Therefore, blocking the PD-1/PD-L1 signaling pathway has be-come a promising new target for tumor immunotherapy. At present, PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors have exhibited remarkable therapeutic ef-fects in the treatment of lymphoma. This paper reviews the current status of clinical research on these drugs in order to enhance the understanding of the mechanism of PD-1/PD-L1 signaling pathway and the applications of relevant antibodies for the treatment of lym-phoma.
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Objective To analyze the expression change of PTGFR gene in hip joint tissues of development dysplasia of the hip (DDH) and its correlation with DDH pathogenesis .Methods Eight age-and gender-matched children with DDH (DDH group) and control children (control group) were enrolled for conducting the compaison .The real-time quantitative PCR method and West-ern-blot method were adopted to detect the PTGFR mRNA and protein expression levels .Results PTGFR mRNA expression level in the hip articular capsule and ligamentum teres of the DDH group were significantly decreased compared with those of the control group (t=3 .472 ,2 .887 ,P<0 .05 ,) .The PTGFR protein expression level in the hip articular capsule and ligamentum teres of the DDH group were significantly decreased compared with those of the control group (t=5 .488 ,3 .942 ,P<0 .05) .Conclusion PTG-FR could play an important role in DDH pathogenesis and may be one of DDH pathogenic genes .
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Objectives To summarize the maternal and fetal outcomes of patients with essential thrombocythemia (ET), and tentatively propose possible solutions for different clinical scenarios.Methods We retrospectively studied the clinical data, treatment, outcomes and follow-up status in 18 consecutive cases of young women with ET visited Peking University People's Hospital, among whom 22 pregnancies occurred from March 2005 to January 2015.Rank-sum test, Chi-square test or Fisher exact test were applied for statistics.Results (1) Out of the total 22 pregnancies, 17 (77％) were successful (term live births) and five (23％) ended in miscarriages, among which four were spontaneous abortion in first trimester.(2) Six pregnancies did not received any therapy, while 16 received various treatments before and/or during pregnancy, including oral Aspirin(single/joint), Hydroxyurea, Interferon-α (IFN-α) and platelet apheresis.(3) Treatments before/during pregnancy improved the live birth rate significantly (15/16 vs 2/6, P=0.009).Platelet (PLT) count of the newborns were all normal till the time at follow-up.(4) The median PLT count in those patients before Aspirin therapy was 761 × 109/L[(448-1 213) × 109/L, and 639× 109/L[(283-1 908) × 109/L] thereafter, which showed no significant difference (Z=-0.405, P=0.686).(5) The PLT counts in those patients before combination therapy of Aspirin and IFN-α was 989 × 109/L[(435-1 504) × 109/L], and 498 × 109/L[(186-559) × 109/L] thereafter, which decreased significantly (Z=-2.366, P=0.018).Conclusions (1) First-trimester spontaneous abortion is the most common complication of ET in pregnancy.(2) A specific treatment strategy may improve the pregnant outcomes without long-term harmful effect up to now.(3) IFN-α and/or Aspirin might be the first-line therapy in women with ET during pregnancy.
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Objective To investigate maternal risk factors for fetal congenital heart diseases (CHD). Methods A case-control study was conducted on 16 645 pregnant women who underwent cardiovascular malformation screening for fetal cardiovascular system,whose pregnancy outcomes were recorded,and whose newborns were scanned by an echocardiography in Peking University People's Hospital,Haidian,Changping,Mentougou and Daxing Maternal and Child Health Hospital from Nov.2006 to Oct.2009.One hundred and twelve pregnant women whose babies were found to be CHD (40 severe CHD and 72 simple CHD) before or after delivery were taken as study group.Women in control group (n =304) were randomly selected from those pregnant women who had infants without CHD.Logistic regression analysis and x2 test were used to analyze the maternal risk factors for fetal CHD. Results (1) The average age of women whose infants had severe CHD was 28.3 years (21-40 years),and it was 29.9 years (22-39 years) for women whose infants had simple CHD.There were no significant differences between the control group (29.5 years,20-44 years) and the above two groups (t=1.511 and -0.826,P=0.138 and 0.410 respectively).(2) Single factor analysis:during first trimester,the rate of upper respiratory infection (18/39,46.2 ％) and exposure to certain chemicals (13/40,32.5％) of severe CHD group were higher than those of control group [(14.9％ (45/303) and 2.0％ (6/304)] (x2 =22.399 and 62.678,OR=4.895 and 23.753,95％CI:2.419-9.905 and 8.358-67.506,P =0.000 respectively).Compared with control group (0.0％,0/304),the rate of pregnant women with CHD family history in simple CHD group was significantly higher (4.2％,3/72)(Fisher exact test,P=0.007).(3) Logistic regression analysis:maternal upper respiratory infections (OR =5.120,95％CI:2.340-11.206,P =0.000) and exposure to certain chemicals (f)R=23.030,95％CI:7.506-70.665,P=0.000) during first trimester were risk factors for fetal severe CHD. Conclusions Upper respiratory infection and exposure to certain chemicals during first trimester might play important roles in the occurrence of fetal severe CHD.Maternal family history of CHD might associate with fetal simple CHD.
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Objective To investigate the prevalence of gastroeaophageat reflux disease(GERD)in the end stage renal disease patients(ESRD)with maintenance hemodialysis and the pathogenetic factors of GERD.Methods 60 cases who had heart burn and acid regurgitation symptoms were enrolled,31 cases of them were ESRD patients with maintenance hemodialysis,29 patients who were renal diseases free as control group.GERD was diagnosed by three methods:endoscopy,24h esophageal pH monitoring,endoscopic esophageal biopsy.GERD was established if any of these tests was positive.HP infection and serum gastrin were assessed too.Results (1)The prevalences of GERD in two groups were 83.9%,79.3% respectively and had no significant difference(P＞0.05).(2)The prevalence of HP infection in the ESRD group was significantly lower than control group(19 4% vs 51.7%,P＜0.05).(3)The concentration of serum gastrin in the ESRD group and control group was(102.61±30.80)ng/ml and (83.41±20.61)ng/ml,two group had significant difference(P＜0.05).Conclusion The prevalence of GERD inthe ESRD patients was higher than expected,and was correlated with absence of HP infection and hypergastinemia.